{"id":7718,"date":"2023-08-15T08:07:25","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T08:07:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iuhrdf.org\/en\/?page_id=7718"},"modified":"2023-08-15T08:08:14","modified_gmt":"2023-08-15T08:08:14","slug":"uyghurs-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/uyghurs-2\/","title":{"rendered":"uyghurs"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"Do\u011fu<\/p>\n

\u00c7in’in Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olarak da bilinen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Asya’n\u0131n kalbinde yer almaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n \u015fu anki toprak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1.626.000 kilometre karedir (635.000 mil kare), bu da Kaliforniya’n\u0131n 4 kat\u0131 devasa bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1949 resmi kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n orijinal topraklar\u0131 1.820.000 kilometrekarelik bir arazi i\u00e7eriyordu. <\/span>\u00c7in’in Qinghai ve Gansu eyaletleri, 1949’daki \u00c7in kom\u00fcnist i\u015fgalinin bir sonucu olarak b\u00f6lgenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ilhak etti.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bir co\u011frafyaya sahiptir. <\/span>B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6lleri, muhte\u015fem da\u011flar\u0131 ve g\u00fczel nehirleri, g\u00f6lleri, otlaklar\u0131 ve ormanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ve halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa tarihi<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan Uygurlar\u0131n ve Kazaklar, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar, Tatarlar, \u00d6zbekler ve Tacikler gibi di\u011fer Orta Asya halklar\u0131n\u0131n anavatan\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Son \u00c7in n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u015fu anki n\u00fcfusu 11 milyonun biraz \u00fczerinde; <\/span>bunlar aras\u0131nda 8,68 milyon Uygur \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Ancak Uygur kaynaklar\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki Uygur n\u00fcfusunun 15 milyonu a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Do\u011fuDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, \u00c7in Seddi’nin mant\u0131ksal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde yer almaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Tarihsel olarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, \u00c7in’in de\u011fil, Orta Asya’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span>Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan halk\u0131 \u00c7inli de\u011fil; <\/span>Orta Asya T\u00fcrkleridir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kay\u0131tlar, Uygurlar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da 4000 y\u0131ldan fazla bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/span>K\u00f6t\u00fc \u015f\u00f6hretli \u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde yer alan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Uygurlar\u0131n kendi ilan ettikleri anavatanlar\u0131, \u00c7in’in t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131da birini muazzam bir \u015fekilde kaplar ve tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok halk ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir kav\u015fak noktas\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. <\/span>Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131’y\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan ticaret yollar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131 olarak gev\u015fek bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanan \u0130pek Yolu, \u00c7in kadar do\u011fuda ve Bat\u0131 kadar bat\u0131da var olan halklar\u0131n ve medeniyetlerin hem ekonomik hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fimi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiye sahipti. Akdeniz. <\/span>Bu yollar boyunca son derece karma\u015f\u0131k ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, halklar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrler ve dinler s\u0131kl\u0131kla etkile\u015fime girdi ve biri Uygur grubuyla sonu\u00e7lanan benzersiz, zengin ve birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin geli\u015fmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurlar, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n yerli grubudur. <\/span>\u00c7ok say\u0131da kaynak, Uygurlar\u0131n \u0130\u00e7 Asya’daki g\u00f6\u00e7ebe etnik gruplar\u0131n aksine, yerle\u015fik birka\u00e7 etnik gruptan biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. <\/span>Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, Uygur toplumunun yerle\u015fik do\u011fas\u0131, K\u0131rg\u0131z ve Kazak gibi di\u011fer gruplar Orta Asya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n en erken Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’da tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fti. <\/span>Efsanevi \u0130pek Yolu’nun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan Uygurlar, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f ve kendilerine has bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurlar, MS 934’te Karahanl\u0131 Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u0130slam’\u0131 kabul ettiler. <\/span>Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Ka\u015fgar, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u0130slam’\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6\u011frenme merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. <\/span>Sanat, bilim, m\u00fczik ve edebiyat, \u0130slami dini kurumlar geli\u015fmi\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 besledik\u00e7e geli\u015fti. <\/span>Bu d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc y\u00fczlerce Uygur \u00e2limi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>Binlerce de\u011ferli kitap yaz\u0131ld\u0131. <\/span>Bu eserler aras\u0131nda Uygur bilgin Yusuf Has Hajip’in Kutatku Bilig (Mutluluk Bilgisi, 1069-1070) ve Mahmud Ka\u015fgari’nin Divan-\u0131 Lugat-it T\u00fcrk (T\u00fcrk dilleri s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 en etkili olanlard\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu mevcut zorluklara ra\u011fmen, Uygurlar her t\u00fcrden gelenek ve g\u00f6renekler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin ve benzersiz olan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miraslar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. <\/span>Bunlar aras\u0131nda, do\u011fa\u00e7lamaya rehberlik etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131nan bir dizi kanonla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f melodi ve m\u00fczik modu olan Uygur Muquam’\u0131 vard\u0131r. <\/span>Uygur Muquam m\u00fczik gelene\u011fi, derinli\u011fi, zenginli\u011fi, karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bireyselli\u011fi ile t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. <\/span>Asl\u0131nda Uygur Muquam, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan Somut Olmayan \u0130nsanl\u0131k Miras\u0131 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygur k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn her y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn temelinde din vard\u0131r. <\/span>A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u0130slam (S\u00fcnni) olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Uygurlar, tamamen yeni ve benzersiz bir \u0130slam formu olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slam ve Sufizm ile harika bir \u015fekilde harmanlanm\u0131\u015f olan halk dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131 ve gelenekleriyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. <\/span>Uygur \u0130slam inanc\u0131na ve prati\u011fine dahil edilen bir\u00e7ok dini gelenek, Budizm, Manacheaism, Shaminism ve Tengriism’den kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. <\/span>Ayr\u0131ca Uygur halk\u0131 ana vatanlar\u0131 olan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’a \u00e7ok de\u011fer vermi\u015flerdir ve bu nedenle Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’daki yerle\u015fim yerleri dini \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Chinese government\u2019s restriction and censorship of Uyghur language materials, including vast collections of Uyghur literature, have perfectly served their interests in assimilating the Uyghurs into Han. Despite these pressures, Uyghur literature is still an important part of Uyghur culture, and Uyghur scholars and leaders have placed a high emphasis on saving this intangible cultural heritage for posterity.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

East Turkestan was invaded by the Manchu Empire of China<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Islamic Uyghur Kingdom of East Turkestan maintained its independence and prosperity until the Manchu Empire invaded the nation in 1876. After eight years of bloody war, the Manchu Empire formally annexed East Turkestan into its territories and renamed it “Xinjiang” (meaning “New Territory” or “New Frontier”) on November 18, 1884. Uyghur power, stature and culture went into a steep decline after the Manchu invasion.<\/p>\n

After Chinese Nationalists overthrew the Manchu Empire in 1911, East Turkestan fell under the rule of the nationalist Chinese government. The Uyghurs, who wanted to free themselves from foreign domination, staged numerous uprisings against Nationalist Chinese rule and twice (once in 1933 and again in 1944) succeeded in setting up an independent East Turkestan Republic.<\/p>\n

Political Background<\/strong><\/p>\n

Heavy-handed state repression of all activities associated by the Chinese government with “Separatism” has created a dire human rights environment for the Uyghur Muslim minority population of northwest China. Beijing has for more than a decade claimed to be confronted with “religious extremist forces” and “violent terrorists” in Xinjiang Province, a vast region one-sixth of China’s land area.<\/p>\n

Xinjiang is in fact a large, sparsely populated area that has been a site of heavy army and police concentrations since 1949, and is used as a base for nuclear testing, military training, and prison labor facilities. The population of 18 million includes several Turkic-speaking Muslim ethnic groups, of which the Uyghurs, numbering eight million, are the largest. The percentage of ethnic Han Chinese in Xinjiang has grown as a result of government policies from six percent in 1949 to 40 percent at present, and now numbers some 7.5 million people. Much like Tibetans, Uyghurs in Xinjiang have struggled for cultural survival in the face of a government-supported influx by Chinese migrants, as well as harsh repression of political dissent and any expression, however lawful or peaceful, of their distinct identity.<\/p>\n

Reports from Xinjiang document a pattern of abuse, including political imprisonment, torture, and disappearance. Mosques are summarily closed and the Uyghur language is banned from use in universities. Uyghurs are subjected to compulsory unpaid labor in the construction of a pipeline planned to export local petroleum resources to other parts of China. Uyghurs also continue to be the only population in China consistently subjected to executions for political crimes, and these executions are often both summary and public.<\/p>\n

A handful of small-scale explosions aimed at government targets over the past decade have been repeatedly invoked by the Chinese government, particularly since September 11, in support of its strike-hard campaign to crack down on separatism and terrorism. In policy pronouncements for both domestic and international audiences, the government has sought to establish that all separatism is tantamount to Islamic terrorism, and in fact uses the terms interchangeably. The state’s efforts to extinguish the common desire among Uyghurs for autonomy or outright independence appear to have increased the alienation of the population and, some analysts\u2019 speculation, the potential for future violent conflict.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 \u0130zleme \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc gibi insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, Sincan’daki k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen duruma ili\u015fkin endi\u015felerini dile getirseler de, b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili uzmanl\u0131k o kadar azd\u0131r ki, aktivistler, Uygur taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin ele\u015ftirel deste\u011fi olmadan, Sincan’dan \u00e7ok az bilginin gelece\u011fi konusunda hemfikirdir. g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r. <\/span>Diasporadaki Uygur topluluklar\u0131nda baz\u0131 bilgi toplama ve belgeler d\u00fczensiz bir \u015fekilde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak \u00f6zellikle Uygur durumuna odaklanan bir insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kurulmadan etki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7in’in Sincan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olarak da bilinen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Asya’n\u0131n kalbinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n \u015fu anki toprak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1.626.000 kilometre karedir (635.000 mil kare), bu da Kaliforniya’n\u0131n 4…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7718","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7718","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7718"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7718\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7720,"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7718\/revisions\/7720"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7718"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}