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9. ASIRDA UYGUR MATBAASI\nAvrupal\u0131 arkeologlar ilk matbaalar\u0131n\u0131 9. as\u0131rda kuran Uygurlar\u0131n bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitap bulup \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n
9. ASIRDA UYGUR MATBAASI
\nAvrupal\u0131 arkeologlar ilk matbaalar\u0131n\u0131 9. as\u0131rda kuran Uygurlar\u0131n bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitap bulup \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n
AVRUPALILARIN G\u0130ZL\u0130 PLANI
\nBulduklar\u0131 bu kitaplar\u0131 yay\u0131nlamama sebebi ise \u015fu: Matbaan\u0131n Avrupa medeniyetinin ke\u015fif ve ihtira\u0131 yayg\u0131n kanaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmak istemiyorlar<\/p>\n
Matbaay\u0131 Uygur T\u00fcrkleri 9. as\u0131rdan ba\u015flayarak bug\u00fcn \u00c7in i\u015fgalindeki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da matbaa (bas\u0131mevi) kurdular. Harfler madenden d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Sert tahtadand\u0131. Teknik, kli\u015fe bask\u0131s\u0131 gibiydi. 1902\u2019den itibaren Avrupal\u0131 arkeologlar Uygurlar\u0131n bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczlerce T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitap bulup \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Nedense yay\u0131nlam\u0131yorlar. Matbaan\u0131n Avrupa medeniyetinin ke\u015fif ve ihtira\u0131 yayg\u0131n kanaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmak istemiyorlar. Halbuki barut, pusula, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, banknot (k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para) gibi temel ke\u015fifler \u00c7inlilere, s\u0131f\u0131r\u2019\u0131n (0) ke\u015ffi ve rakamlar\u0131n 10\u2019lu birimlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi temel matematik ke\u015fifleri de Hintlilere aittir. Tasavvufun k\u00f6keni bile Hindistan\u2019d\u0131r. (Carter. The Invention of Printing, New York 1955, s. 141 v.dd; A.von Gabain, Altt\u00fcrkische Schrifttum, SDAW Phil.-Hist. Kl., 1948, no: 3)
\nM\u00fcteharrik (oynak, ayr\u0131k) harfler ilk defa 1041\u2019de \u00c7in\u2019de d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc. 1300\u2019lerde Hollandal\u0131lar \u00f6\u011frendiler. Ancak bask\u0131 san\u2019at\u0131, 1444\u2019te Avrupa\u2019da Gutenberg ile ba\u015flad\u0131.
\nFatih Sultan Mehmed (1432-1451-1481) bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kitaplar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Mesel\u00e2 Floransal\u0131 Francesco Berlinghieri 1480\u2019de bas\u0131lan co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131, eserde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u201cAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131\u201d Fatih\u2019e sunmu\u015ftur (Deismann, s.109).<\/p>\n
Avrupa\u2019da ilk matbaa tarihleri ise \u015f\u00f6yledir: Almanya\u2019da Gutenberg\u2019in 1444\u2019te Mainz \u015fehrinde a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131mevinden sonra: \u0130talya\u2019da ilk defa Roma\u2019da 1467\u2019de, \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de Basel\u2019de 1468, \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019da Plsen 1468, Fransa 1470 Paris, Hollanda 1473 Utrecht, Macaristan 1473 Budape\u015fte, Bel\u00e7ika 1473 Louvain, \u0130ngiltere 1476 Westminster, \u0130spanya 1474 Valencia, Avusturya 1482 Viyana, Danimarka 1482 Odense, \u0130sve\u00e7 1483 Upsala, Portekiz 1487 Lizbon, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda 1534 Mexico, Hindistan\u2019da Goa\u2019da Portekiz bas\u0131mevi 1556, ABD topraklar\u0131nda (o zaman \u0130ngiltere s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi) 1638 Cambrigde (Boston banliy\u00f6s\u00fc).
\nBununla beraber \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika Devlet Matbaas\u0131 (Matba\u2019a-i Amire), \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bas\u0131mevidir. Zira \u0130ran\u2019da ilk bas\u0131mevi M\u00fcteferrika\u2019dan 75 y\u0131l sonra 1816\u2019da bir T\u00fcrk \u015fehri olan Tebriz\u2019de kuruldu. Arap \u00fclkelerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve daha az Arap\u00e7a kitap basan \u00fcnl\u00fc Bulak (Kahire) Matbaas\u0131n\u0131 ise 1815\u2019e do\u011fru, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 valisi Kavalal\u0131 Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa kurdu. (1798\u2019de Kahire\u2019de Frans\u0131zlar bir bas\u0131mevi kurdular ama yaln\u0131z Frans\u0131zca bask\u0131 yapt\u0131).<\/p>\n
\u0130BRAH\u0130M M\u00dcTEFERR\u0130KA VE T\u00dcRK MATBAACILI\u011eI<\/p>\n
Matbaan\u0131n \u00c7in ve Uygurlarda 9. as\u0131rda ba\u015flayan yolculu\u011fu, 1400\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019da Gutenberg ile devam etti. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk matbaas\u0131 ise \u0130brahim M\u00fcteferrika (\u00fcstte) ile 1700\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda gelmi\u015fti. Maalesef bu 3 as\u0131rl\u0131k gecikmenin mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yok. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise art\u0131k bask\u0131 i\u015fleri dev makinelerle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nK\u0130TAPLAR ARASINDA
\nProf. Dr. Tahsin \u00d6zcan, Vak\u0131f Medeniyeti ve Para Vak\u0131flar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Finans K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130st. 2010, 160 papye ku\u015fe yald\u0131zl\u0131 renkli resimli sayfa, ciltli, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n vak\u0131f medeniyeti d\u00fczenini anlatan bir prestij kitab\u0131.<\/p>\n