![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iuhrdf.org\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/6_t.jpg\")
(Prof. Dr. Kulbhushan WAR\u0130KOO \u00a0,\u00a0Javaharlal Nehru Universitesi \/ Hindistan)<\/p>\n(Prof. Dr. Kulbhushan WAR\u0130KOO \u00a0,\u00a0Javaharlal Nehru Universitesi \/ Hindistan)<\/p>\n
Mo\u011folistan, Orta Asya devletlerinden Tacikistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Kazakistan; Afganistan ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Pakistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali alt\u0131nda bulunan Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Cammu ve Ke\u015fmir eyaleti ile s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f olan \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi, Asya\u2019da merkezi bir konum i\u015fgal etmektedir. \u00c7in\u2019in en geni\u015f b\u00f6lgesi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, halen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu te\u015fkil etti\u011fi tek \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgedir.[1] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ger\u00e7ekten co\u011frafi ve etno-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u015fsiz bir \u00f6rne\u011fini sunar. Tanr\u0131 (Tien\u015fan) \u00a0s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi iki ayr\u0131, ama e\u015fit olmayan par\u00e7aya b\u00f6lmektedir; kuzeydeki b\u00f6lge geleneksel olarak hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7inen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe halklar\u0131n \u00a0hakimiyetindedir; g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesi ise geli\u015fmi\u015f ziraat ve ticaret gelene\u011fiyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da verimli vaha yerle\u015fimlerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Genellikle Cungarya olarak bilinen kuzey b\u00f6lgesinin halk\u0131 do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca ya\u015fayan Mo\u011follarla ve bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca ya\u015fayan Kazaklarla yak\u0131n benzerliklere sahiptir ve her iki halkla da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ticari ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebelik ba\u011flar\u0131 vard\u0131r.[2] Benzer bir \u015fekilde, Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131 olarak da bilinen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, tarih boyunca dini ve akrabal\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131 ve aktif ticari temaslar\u0131 sayesinde Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n Hokand ve Buhara hanl\u0131klar\u0131, Afganistan ve kuzey Hindistan\u2019\u0131n biti\u015fik b\u00f6lgeleriyle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.[3] Co\u011frafyan\u0131n b\u00f6ylesine g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimi ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Orta ve G\u00fcney Asya\u2019n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi tarihi bir kav\u015fak olma rol\u00fc etno-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi hareketleri neticesini yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tarihi Miras<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a olan ilgisi, ana yurdunu yabanc\u0131 istilalar\u0131ndan koruma ihtiyac\u0131ndan ne\u015fet etmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczden bat\u0131daki bu u\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi, ki o zamanlar bu b\u00f6lge Hsi Yu (Bat\u0131 B\u00f6lgesi) olarak bilinmekteydi, \u00c7in Seddi\u2019nin \u00f6tesinden gelebilecek sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir tampon b\u00f6lge olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekteydi.[4] Ancak emperyal y\u00f6netim, serke\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7ebe kavimlerinin medenile\u015ftirmesini ve siyasi n\u00fcfuzunu geni\u015fletmesini sa\u011flayan, Orta Asya boyunca uzanan devletlerle ticari ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmenin \u00f6nemine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7 yitirmedi. Orta Asya liderleri ve ticaret heyetleri \u00c7in\u2019i ziyaret etmeleri konusunda te\u015fvik edildiler, pahal\u0131 hediyelerle taltif edildiler. Hatta \u00c7in \u0130mparatoru i\u00e7in \u201chediye\u201d getirenlere para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bile bulundular. Bu, s\u0131n\u0131r boyunca uzanan devletleri emperyal \u00c7in ile \u201characa tabi ili\u015fki\u201d potas\u0131na sokmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir hareketti.[5]\n Ming Hanedan\u0131, tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bu politikay\u0131 takip etti ve ayr\u0131 bir T\u00f6ren Kurulu olu\u015fturarak Orta Asya devletleri ile ili\u015fkileri kontrol ettiler. Ching Hanedan\u0131 ise Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, Mo\u011folistan ve Tibet\u2019e olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na dair meseleleri \u00e7ekip \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt ba\u015f\u0131 mamur bir Koloni \u0130\u015fleri Dairesi (Li-fan Yuan) kurmak suretiyle bu sistemi m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirdi. Chingler, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a sahip olmay\u0131 Orta Asya\u2019daki pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in bir \u00f6n-\u015fart olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydiler. Bu hanedan hem askeri hem de diplomatik ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etti. B\u00f6lgedeki vaha-yerle\u015fimlerinin sosyal ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n kendi halinde olmas\u0131 Ching otoritelerine kar\u015f\u0131 ortak bir direni\u015f hareketi kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelledi.[6] Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Man\u00e7ular ve Han \u00c7inlilerinin sivil ve askeri personel, ticaret erbab\u0131, sanatkarlar ve \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 (Hui) aileleriyle birlikte s\u00fcrekli Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a yerle\u015ftirme \u015feklindeki Ching politikas\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n etnografik ve demografik terkibini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00c7in y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile olan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 2000 y\u0131ldan daha gerilere gitmesine ra\u011fmen, b\u00f6lge etkili \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda sadece ve kesintilere u\u011frayarak yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7] Ching Hanedan\u0131 (1755-1911) y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bile, \u00c7in otoritesi hepsi Hokand\u2019dan gelmi\u015f olan Cihangir, Yusuf Katta ve Veli Han Tora (On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda) ve Yakup Bey (1865-77) gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman hocalar liderli\u011findeki isyanlarla k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in de olsa ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8] K\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bu lider hocalar, bir dini \u00f6fke s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nemli say\u0131da \u00c7inli asker, sivil, sanatkar ve ticaret adam\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ancak 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fczenli idari yap\u0131s\u0131na dahil edilebilmi\u015f ve tam bir eyalet haline getirilebilmi\u015ftir. 1911 \u00c7in devrimi ve akabinde Ching y\u00f6netiminin son bulmas\u0131ndan sonra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan 1940\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek olan bir sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131 d\u00f6nemine girmi\u015ftir. Bir seri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 -ki bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar 1931\u2019den 1949\u2019a kadar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r- i\u00e7in bir kataliz\u00f6r olarak hareket eden bask\u0131c\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci politikalar uygulayan Yang Tseng-hsin (1911-28), Sheng Shih-tsai (1933-44) gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgesel liderler Han \u00c7inlisiydi. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7in otoritesi, 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Tungan ve Uygur M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00c7inli Tunganlar\u0131n ortak ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 sonucu y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Tunganlar, b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netim merkezi olan Urum\u00e7i\u2019yi ku\u015fatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Niyaz Hoca ve Sabit Damulla, Ka\u015fgar\u2019da \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6netimi kurdu. Kendilerini Emir diye adland\u0131ran \u00fc\u00e7 Hotanl\u0131 karde\u015f, Abdullah Bu\u011fra, Nur Ahmedcan Bu\u011fra ve Muhammed Emin Bu\u011fra daha sonra ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201cHotan \u0130slam H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u201d olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdikleri \u201cUlusal Devrim Komitesi\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, Yangi Hissar\u2019dan (Yeni Hisar) Hotan\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgede y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki bu ciddi siyasi kaosun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, Uygurlar, \u00c7inliler ve \u00f6zellikle Hindu ticaret adamlar\u0131[9] ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere gayrim\u00fcslimleri katlettiler. \u00c7inli b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netim ancak 1934 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, Sovyet ordusunun da yard\u0131m\u0131yla, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 bast\u0131rabildi. Ancak, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman direni\u015finin yeni merkezlerinin derhal ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gecikmedi. 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pan-T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam g\u00fc\u00e7lerine liderlik eden General Mahmud ve Tunganlar\u0131n lideri General Hu-shan \u201ckafir\u201d \u00c7inlileri Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesinden kovmak i\u00e7in ittifaka gittiler. Ancak, Sovyetlerin fiili askeri ve hava deste\u011fini alan \u00c7in ordusunun \u00f6n\u00fcnde ezici bir yenilgiye maruz kald\u0131lar. 1933-34 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130slam \u015eeriat\u0131 prensiplerine dayan\u0131larak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan T\u00fcrk \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u0130slami y\u00f6netimin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir te\u015febb\u00fcst\u00fc.[10] 1933 ve 1934 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti kurma gayretleri de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamen Kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n Kom\u00fcnist \u00c7in, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in uzant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Orta Asya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131ran ve ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in \u00c7in\u2019e uygun bir tampon b\u00f6lge sunan\u201d bir k\u0131t\u2019asal k\u00f6pr\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rmektedir.[11] N\u00fckleer denemeler alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan hen\u00fcz kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f zengin petrol ve mineral rezervlerine, muazzam tar\u0131msal potansiyele sahip bir b\u00f6lgedir. S\u0131rf Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a sahip olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 takiben, \u00c7in\u2019in Orta Asya ve Orta Do\u011fu\u2019daki konumu g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in, \u201cb\u00f6lgesel istikrar, Orta Asya cumhuriyetleri ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan halklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir arac\u0131 olarak\u201d zaman testine tabi tuttu\u011fu Hanlar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a ve biti\u015fi\u011findeki Orta Asya devletlerine yerle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131n\u0131 hep takip edegelmi\u015ftir.[12]\n Ancak, \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik, siyasi ve stratejik ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en temel engel, hep Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da mill\u00ee hareketi besleyen etnik-dini yeniden dirili\u015f olmu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/p>\n Halbuki, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygurlar, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, \u00f6zellikle Ka\u015fgar ve Hoten \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgeleri\u2019nin hakim unsurudurlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kazak g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u0130li Kazak \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi (Kazakistan\u2019a biti\u015fik), Changji Hui (Tungan) \u00a0\u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin Mori Kazak \u00d6zerk kasabas\u0131\/\u015fehri ve Hami B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin Bark\u00f6l Kazak \u00d6zerk \u015fehrinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[13] Benzer \u015fekilde, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman K\u0131rg\u0131z g\u00f6\u00e7menler, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019\u0131n biti\u015fi\u011findeki K\u0131z\u0131lsu K\u0131rg\u0131z \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Taciklere ise Ka\u015fgar B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde Tacikistan\u2019a biti\u015fik olan \u00d6zerk Ta\u015fkurgan kasabas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[14] Mo\u011follar esas olarak Bayangulin \u00a0ve Boritala Mo\u011fol \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgeleri\u2019ne yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. De\u011fi\u015fik etnik-dini gruplar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel konsantrasyonlar\u0131, \u00c7inlilerin belirli bir etnik ya da dini \u00e7o\u011funluk b\u00f6lgesinde ayr\u0131 y\u00f6netsel birimler, \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgeler, \u00d6zerk kasabalar ve \u015fehirler yaratma politikalar\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir. Asl\u0131nda bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Uygur \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi olarak ilan\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, yani 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[15] Uygurlar, mill\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bir merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fckleri Turfan\u2019da oldu\u011fu kadar, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde (Ka\u015fgar, Hoten, K\u0131z\u0131lsu K\u0131rg\u0131z B\u00f6lgesi, Aksu) de \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131rlar. Han \u00c7inlileri ise Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kuzey ve do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131rlar ve genelde \u015fehirlerde toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kendi aralar\u0131ndaki etnik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 dikkate almazsak, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Han olmayan n\u00fcfusunun tamam\u0131 T\u00fcrk soyundand\u0131r ve kom\u015fu Orta Asya cumhuriyetlerindeki halklar ile inan\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 dini, T\u00fcrk dilini ve ortak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc payla\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlard\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in bu b\u00f6lgede zay\u0131f tarihi pozisyonunu bir veri olarak ald\u0131ktan sonra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n Orta Asyal\u0131, Afgan ve Pakistanl\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131 ile etnik-dini temelli herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi karde\u015flik ili\u015fkisi \u00c7in\u2019in bu stratejik cephesinde potansiyel bir istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Has\u0131m Irk \u2013 \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n Her ne kadar, \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesinde Han yerle\u015fimi \u00c7inlilerin n\u00fcfus i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131n\u0131 1949\u2019dan 1990\u2019kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede %5\u2019ten %38\u2019e y\u00fckseltmi\u015fse de, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etnik-dini duygular hala derin k\u00f6klere sahiptir. Sorun, b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgedeki toplam n\u00fcfusun sadece yakla\u015f\u0131k %55\u2019ini olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygurlar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney kesiminde ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kazaklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130li b\u00f6lgesinde (%90\u2019a varan oranlarda) yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 (Bak\u0131n\u0131z Tablo II), derinle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 ile Hanlar aras\u0131ndaki \u0131rk ili\u015fkileri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcvensizlik ve nefret \u015feklinde ifade edilmektedir. Bu durum kendisini, Hanlar\u0131n, Uygurlar, Kazaklar, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar ve Taciklerden tecrit edilmeleriyle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermekte ve bu gruplar yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ayr\u0131 yerle\u015fimler halinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Her ne kadar \u00c7inli\/yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar ve s\u0131n\u0131r ticareti sayesinde bir miktar ekonomik geli\u015fme kaydedilmi\u015f olsa da Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Uygurlar etnik-siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k arzular\u0131n\u0131 beslemeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek, \u00c7in milli genel gidi\u015fat\u0131yla yak\u0131nla\u015fmamaya gayret g\u00f6stermekteler. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn Uygur, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Pekin yerel saatine g\u00f6re iki saat geride olan yerel Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan saatine g\u00f6re hareket etmekteler. Bu da de\u011fi\u015fik kurumlar ve b\u00fcrolar aras\u0131nda ve Pekin saatine g\u00f6re hareket eden \u00c7inli Han halk\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klarla kendini hissettirmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00dcniversitelerde ve hatta enstit\u00fclerde Han ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 yurtlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Benzer bir \u015fekilde, sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve sadece Hanlar i\u00e7in olan restoranlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok az Uygur \u00c7ince konu\u015fabilmekte ve \u00e7ok daha az \u00c7inli yerel dili bilmektedir. Ka\u015fgar \u00d6\u011fretmen Koleji\u2019ne ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Dru Gladney, Pakistan ile olan ticarette kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cUygur gen\u00e7lerin \u00c7inceden ziyade Urduca \u00f6\u011frendiklerini\u201d[16] tespit etmi\u015ftir. Hanlar T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n hakim oldu\u011fu semtlerden ge\u00e7meyi mahzurlu bulmaktad\u0131r.[17] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki \u0130li b\u00f6lgesindeki Kazaklar 1960\u2019larda y\u00fcz binlerce Kazak ve Uygur\u2019un o zamanlar SSCB\u2019nin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Kazakistan\u2019\u0131n kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin ac\u0131 hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 hala koruyorlar. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da bir milyondan fazla Kazak, Kazakistan\u2019da ise iki y\u00fcz bin (lakh) civar\u0131nda Uygur bulunmakta ve bunlar s\u0131n\u0131r boyunca etnik ve ailevi ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekteler. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin Uygur, Karakurum karayolunu kullanmak suretiyle Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile aile ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 ve ticari ili\u015fkilerini canl\u0131 tutabildikleri Pakistan i\u015fgalindeki Ke\u015fmir\u2019e yerle\u015ftiler. 1978\u2019den sonra din ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre y\u00f6nelik liberalle\u015fen \u00c7in politikalar\u0131ndan sonra bile, \u00c7in otoritelerine ve yerel Han halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 belirli aral\u0131klarla \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren g\u00f6sterilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor edilmektedir. 1980 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda Aksu\u2019da Han yerle\u015fimcilerin d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, evlerinin ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Hanlar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen fabrikalar\u0131n tahrip edildi\u011fi ayaklanma ve karga\u015falar meydana geldi.[18] Bir ka\u00e7 y\u00fcz sivil ve askerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kaydedildi\u011fi[19] Aksu ayaklanmalar\u0131ndan sonra korkuya kap\u0131lan yerel \u00c7inli sakinlerin binlercesi g\u00f6steri yapmaya ve evlerine d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in izin istemeye zorland\u0131lar.[20] 1981 ba\u015f\u0131nda 30 000\u2019den fazla Han\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 terk ederek \u015eanghay\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti.[21] 1980 Ekimi\u2019nde bir \u00c7inli kamyon \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn kazayla \u00e7arparak bir Uygur yayay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi sonucu ve \u00f6zellikle de yerel mahkemenin \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131rmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00c7inli polislerin \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc idam etmeyi reddetmeleri, yerel ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 alevledi.[22] Ancak daha sonra cezan\u0131n hafifletilmesiyle rahats\u0131zl\u0131k bertaraf edilebildi. Haziran 1981\u2019de Uygur g\u00f6stericiler Han yerle\u015fimcilere ve hatta Ka\u015fgar\u2019da bulunan bir Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu \u00fcss\u00fcne sald\u0131rd\u0131lar.[23] Uygurlar ve Han \u00c7inlileri aras\u0131ndaki etnik uyumsuzluk B\u00f6lgesel Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019yi de etkiledi. Durum, 1981 A\u011fustosu\u2019nda Uygur B\u00f6lgesel Komite \u00fcyelerinin \u00c7inli y\u00f6netici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fa isyan\u0131yla daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti, \u00f6yle ki d\u00f6nemin Ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Den Xioping siyasi krizi \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a 9 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir gezi yapmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n Deng B\u00f6lgesel Komitenin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Parti Birinci Sekreteri, Wang Feng (1978-81) yerini 1949-69 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Wang Enmao\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131.[24] Wang Enmao\u2019nun g\u00f6revi siyasal istikrar\u0131 yeniden tesis etmek ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekti. 1985 ve 1986\u2019da, Uygur \u00f6\u011frenciler Lop Nor\u2019da n\u00fckleer denemelerin yasaklanmas\u0131 ve Hanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a yerle\u015ftirilmelerinin durdurulmas\u0131 talebiyle Urum\u00e7i\u2019de halk g\u00f6sterileri d\u00fczenlediler.[25] 1989 May\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6\u011frenciler Urum\u00e7i\u2019deki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00c7in\u2019in Han olmayan halklara uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fum kontrol politikas\u0131n\u0131 protesto ettiler. \u201cHan halk\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 terk et\u201d gibi sloganlar da bu protestolarda y\u00fckselmi\u015fti. Bu t\u00fcr olaylara ra\u011fmen, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan sessiz ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde kald\u0131 ve \u00c7in, dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe, eski camilerin restorasyonuna ve yeni camilerin in\u015faat\u0131na m\u00fcsaade eden liberal politikalarla yoluna devam etti. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015flarla in\u015fa edilen yeni cami say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik yerle\u015fimlerde birka\u00e7 misli art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. 1988\u2019de camilerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 24 000\u2019i buldu\u011fu kaydediliyordu.[26] B\u00f6lgesel \u0130slam Derne\u011fi\u2019nin faaliyetlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980\u2019den sonra di\u011fer \u0130slami alfabelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arap\u00e7a ve Uygur alfabesiyle yap\u0131lan Kur\u2019an bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz binlercesi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[27] Hacca da izin verildi ve binlerce Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistanl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hac faraziyesini yerine getirdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki camilerin \u00e7o\u011fu medreseler \u015feklinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermekte ve Kur\u2019an ve Arap\u00e7a dersleri verilmekte, gen\u00e7ler \u0130slam doktrinine g\u00f6re e\u011fitilmektedir. Bu, toplum ve b\u00f6lgedeki siyaset \u00fczerinde olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir etki yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n Uygur akademisyenler, entelekt\u00fceller ve yazarlar \u015fimdi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyo-ekonomik y\u00f6nleri hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 fikirleri seslendirmektedirler. Yerel k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarih konusunda bir Uygur uzman olan Turghun Almass taraf\u0131ndan 1986 ile 1989 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131larak yay\u0131mlanan The Uighurs (Uygurlar), A Short History of Hunlar\u0131n (T\u00fcrklerin K\u0131sa Tarihi) ve History Literature of the Uighurs (Uygur Edebiyat\u0131 Tarihi) ad\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 kitap Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da dalgalanmalar yaratt\u0131. Almass, Uygurlar\u0131 eskiden \u201c\u00c7inlilerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z\u201d olan bir \u201cyerli halk\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.[28] \u00c7in Seddi\u2019ni \u00c7in\u2019in ulusal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak belirtmekte ve b\u00f6lgeyi T\u00fcrki halklarla Hanlar aras\u0131nda etnik\/\u0131rki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde g\u00f6stermektedir. Almas, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u201cT\u00fcrki halklar\u201d i\u00e7in tek \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet\u201d fikrine taraftard\u0131r.[29]\n Budizm\u2019den \u0130slam\u2019a ge\u00e7melerini methederek, bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin Uygurlar\u0131 \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve birli\u011fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f bir millet\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan Almas, Pan-\u0130slamizm ve Pan-T\u00fcrkizmi irtibatland\u0131rman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 arar.[30] Beklenece\u011fi gibi Almas\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 \u00c7inliler, h\u00fck\u00fbmet \u00e7evreleri ve Han akademisyenler aras\u0131nda sert tepkilere sebep oldu. Almass, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n tarihini \u00e7arp\u0131tmak, yalan yazmak ve ulusal birli\u011fi tehdit etmekle su\u00e7land\u0131.[31] Almass\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u201c\u0131rklararas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmeye ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ate\u015fini k\u00f6r\u00fcklemeye y\u00f6nelik beyhude bir gayret\u201d olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in tarihi maniple etmekle su\u00e7land\u0131.[32] \u00c7in H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Turghun Almass\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle yasaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra, Uygurlar aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck talep y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, daha fazla sat\u0131ld\u0131. 1998\u2019deki bir ziyaret s\u0131ras\u0131nda Urum\u00e7i\u2019deki bir Uygur \u00f6\u011fretmen bu makalenin yazar\u0131na neredeyse her evde Almass\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu da pop\u00fcler Uygur muhalefetinin ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7in kontrol\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hala beslendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Bu ideolojik tehdide kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Bilimler Akademisi, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki gen\u00e7 kitleleri hedef alan Ateizm E\u011fitim Kitab\u0131\u2019n\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu kitap, dinin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n uzun tarihi boyunca nas\u0131l bir olumsuz rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmakta ama yine de, \u201cdini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in uzun bir m\u00fccadele gerekti\u011fini\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.[33] Mamafih, \u00c7inliler\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve gelenekleri konusundaki kitaplar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u015fiddetli tepkisine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1987 Nisan\u0131\u2019nda \u0130li\u2019de birka\u00e7 Kazak \u00f6\u011frenci, Kazak geleneklerini \u00e7arp\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledikleri ve T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n milli onuruna bir sald\u0131r\u0131 olarak niteledikleri \u00c7ince yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cUzaktaki Beyaz Ev\u201d adl\u0131 roman\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek i\u00e7in greve gittiler.[34] Benzer bir \u015fekilde Aral\u0131k 1988\u2019de Uygur \u00f6\u011frenciler \u201c\u0131rklar\u0131na sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131 s\u00f6yledikleri iki tarihi filmin g\u00f6sterimini protesto etmek \u00fczere Pekin\u2019de bir protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlediler.[35] \u015eangay K\u00fclt\u00fcr Evi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan Sex Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 adl\u0131 kitap b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019deki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda nefretle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve Pekin, Lanzhou ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n pek \u00e7ok \u015fehrinde protesto y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine sebep oldu.[36] 1978\u2019den sonra m\u00fcsaade edilen dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten yararlanarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etno-milliyet\u00e7ilik e\u011filimleri y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve bu e\u011filimler s\u0131k s\u0131k \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 bir ortak kimlik arac\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman etnik gruplar aras\u0131nda birli\u011fi sa\u011flayan bir hareket noktas\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131lar. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan Turfan\u2019dan bir rapor, 1990\u2019dan bu yana yerel parti \u00fcyelerinin y\u00fczde 25\u2019inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131n dini faaliyetlere aktif \u015fekilde kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ve bu \u00fcyelerin y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6y k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00c7inlilerin \u0130slami parti \u00fcyelerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde giri\u015ftikleri \u00e7abalar da sonu\u00e7 vermemektedir.[37]\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile Kazakistan, K\u0131rg\u0131zistan ve Pakistan\u2019\u0131n (Karakurum kara yolu \u00fczerinden Pakistan i\u015fgalindeki Ke\u015fmir\u2019i ge\u00e7en) biti\u015fik b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r ticareti ve trafi\u011fi, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131 ile Orta Asya, Pakistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019daki soyda\u015f ve dinda\u015flar\u0131 ile daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkile\u015fimi sonu\u00e7 vermi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmeleri \u00fczerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yerle\u015fen Uygur ve Kazaklar da, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki soyda\u015flar\u0131 ile yak\u0131n temas\u0131 korumu\u015flard\u0131r. En az 7 \u00f6rg\u00fct Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lma hedefine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenleri Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Milli Devrim Cephesi, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Fonu, Kazak T\u00fcrk Halklar\u0131 Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Fonu ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Partisi\u2019dir.[38] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Sesi isimli bir yay\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki eski Uygur politikac\u0131 \u0130sa Yusuf Alptekin\u2019in liderli\u011fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019daki merkezinden d\u00fczenli olarak yay\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lerleyen ya\u015f\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k durumunun k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen \u0130sa Alptekin y\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n gayret g\u00f6stererek Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de diplomatik deste\u011fi harekete ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Alptekin, \u0130slam Konferans\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (\u0130K\u00d6) liderleriyle 1991 A\u011fustos\u2019unda \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131lan \u0130slam \u00dclkeleri D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanlar\u0131 toplant\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a \u0130K\u00d6\u2019de g\u00f6zlemci stat\u00fcs\u00fc verilmesini talep etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra, d\u00f6nemin Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Turgut \u00d6zal ve Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Demirel de dahil olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrk liderlerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek desteklerini aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye, bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine, Kazakistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan gibi Orta Asya devletlerine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan Uygurlar, bu eski Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hemen sonra faaliyetlerini yeniden canland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Uygurlar\u0131n insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve self determinasyon elde etmelerini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, 1992\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda Almat\u0131\u2019da, bir Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu (BDT) Uluslararas\u0131 Uygur Birli\u011fi kuruldu. Kazakistan\u2019daki Nevada Semipalatinsk Hareketi b\u00fcnyesinde de, kamuoyunu Lop Nor\u2019daki n\u00fckleer denemelere kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir departman olu\u015fturuldu. K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da da 1992 Haziran\u0131\u2019nda, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Devleti\u2019ni kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcr Bir Uyguristan \u0130\u00e7in\u201d adl\u0131 yeni bir Uygur partisi kuruldu. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Uighur Awazi (Uygur\u2019un Sesi) gibi Uygur dilinde pek \u00e7ok gazete de Almat\u0131\u2019da yay\u0131nlamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nemli say\u0131da Uygur\u2019un hala Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye, Orta Do\u011fu\u2019ya ve Orta Asya devletlerine g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri kaydedilmektedir. Bunlar 1980-90 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye giden 100\u2019den fazla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistanl\u0131 \u00f6nde gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019a eklenmi\u015ftir.[39] SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, \u00c7in\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgeleri yeniden bat\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n M\u00fcnih \u015fehrinde, \u0130sa Alptekin\u2019in o\u011flu Erkin Alptekin taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Birli\u011fi kuruldu. Bu birlik, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Enformasyonu ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir s\u00fcreli yay\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. 1990 \u015eubat\u2019\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda Erkin Alptekin, di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ve Tibet\u2019in kendi kendini y\u00f6netme hedefine hizmet eden, Temsil Edilmeyen Milletler ve Halklar \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (UNPO) kurucu Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki etnik-dini dirili\u015fe duyduklar\u0131 \u00f6fkeyle ve s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi boyunca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanm\u0131\u015f Orta Asya devletlerindeki etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve \u0130slami yeniden dirili\u015fin alarmlar\u0131n\u0131 alan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7inli yetkililer, parti y\u00f6neticileri ve resmen kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulan e\u011fitim ve medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketleri desteklemeyi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cD\u00fc\u015fman yabanc\u0131 \u0130slami unsurlar\u0131n s\u0131zma, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve sabotaj\u0131\u201d olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131lar.[40] Bir yerel gazete, Xinjiang Ribao, 9 \u015eubat 1990 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131ndaki ba\u015fyaz\u0131s\u0131nda, e\u011fitim, yarg\u0131 ve idareye dini m\u00fcdahalelere son verilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyor ve \u201ctehlikeli ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in dini kullanan has\u0131m yabanc\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler ve ki\u015filerle, bunlar\u0131n yerel destek\u00e7ileri\u201dnin engellenmesine duyulan ihtiyaca vurgu yap\u0131yordu.[41] Yerel bir \u00c7inli yorumcu, Shi Jian, ayn\u0131 gazetenin 18 Mart 1990 tarihli n\u00fcshas\u0131nda, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etnik-dini ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckselmesini cami ve medreselerin dini faaliyetlerinin kontrol\u00fcndeki ihmale ba\u011fl\u0131yordu.[42] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinde incelemelerde bulunan heyete ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Komitesi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan B\u00f6lge Sekreter Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 A. Niyaz da \u2018Dini \u0130nan\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Politikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde takibine duyulan ihtiyaca vurgu yap\u0131yordu. Bu politikaya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getiren Niyaz, dinin devlet i\u015flerine, yarg\u0131 y\u00f6netimine, e\u011fitime ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre, evlili\u011fe, kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve aile refah\u0131na, imtiyazlar ya da ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar sistemine m\u00fcdahale etmesine izin verilmemesi konusunda uyar\u0131da bulunuyordu.[43] Niyaz ayr\u0131ca, s\u0131zmalar ve dahili y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 faaliyetlerden yabanc\u0131 \u0130slami gruplar\u0131 sorumlu tutuyordu.[44] 1990 Mart\u0131\u2019nda Urum\u00e7i\u2019de toplanan 7. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi Halklar\u0131 Kongresi de etnik-dini ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketleri Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.[45] 1989 A\u011fustosu ba\u015f\u0131nda, kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011finden sorumlu \u00c7inli Bakan Wang Feng, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u201ckomplocu ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 unsurlar\u0131\u201d sorumlu tuttu.[46] Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un perestroika (yeniden yap\u0131lanma) ve glasnost (a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) politikalar\u0131 da Orta Asya\u2019daki etnik-dini yeniden dirili\u015fe katk\u0131da bulunan bir unsur olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Tomur Dawamant, eski SSCB\u2019deki Gorba\u00e7ov reformlar\u0131n\u0131 ima ederek, \u201cburjuva liberalizasyonunun pe\u015findeki k\u00fcresel de\u011fi\u015fiklikler\u201di Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n perde gerisindeki unsurlardan biri olarak zikrediyordu.[47] 24 Mart 1990\u2019da Pekin\u2019de bir bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fan Tomur Dawamant, \u201cirticai b\u00fcltenler da\u011f\u0131tan ve sloganlar atan\u201d Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 baz\u0131 ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 eylemcilerin tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131.[48]\n Ancak, 1990 Nisan ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney illerinden Ka\u015fgar\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Baren kasabas\u0131n\u0131 sarsan \u015fiddet eylemlerinden sonra \u00c7inli yetkililer yeniden tam bir durum de\u011ferlendirmesi yapt\u0131lar. \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ayaklanman\u0131n, yerel y\u00f6neticilerin Ka\u015fgar havaalan\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir caminin in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamas\u0131n\u0131n Ramazana denk gelmesiyle patlak verdi\u011fi kaydediliyor.[49] Yerel televizyon haberlerinde \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 devrimci silahl\u0131 isyan\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanan ayaklanma k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede di\u011fer kasabalardan da destek buldu. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti kurma amac\u0131n\u0131 deklare etmi\u015f olan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Partisi\u2019nin eylemcileri ve destek\u00e7ileri Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u201ckafirlerin k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131mak\u201d i\u00e7in Cihad \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131.[50] Silahlanma ve silahl\u0131 gen\u00e7 toplama faaliyetleri 1990 Mart\u0131nda iyice artt\u0131.[51] \u00c7ince yay\u0131n yapan bir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan televizyon kanal\u0131, 22 Nisan 1990 tarihinde, bir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti kurmak i\u00e7in silahl\u0131 T\u00fcrk ayaklanmas\u0131yla alakal\u0131 olarak cihat dersleri verildi\u011fini iddia etti\u011fi Uygur dilindeki bir belgesel video filmini g\u00f6sterdi. 30 y\u0131l boyunca b\u00f6lgeyi y\u00f6neten General Wang Enmao, daha sonra, baz\u0131lar\u0131 yabac\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lara sahip olan yedi ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 grubu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyordu.[52] Bu karga\u015fa d\u00f6neminde \u201c\u0130slami Dirili\u015f\u201d, \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u201d afi\u015fleri ta\u015f\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. Ayaklanma i\u00e7in silahlar\u0131n Pakistan \u00fczerinden Karakurum kara yolu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Afganistanl\u0131 m\u00fccahitlerden geldi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 destekledikleri gerek\u00e7esiyle Pakistan gizli servis ajan\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen iki Pakistan uyruklu ki\u015fi tutuklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[53] Pakistan\u2019dan \u0130slamc\u0131 militanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fini engellemek i\u00e7in Karakurum kara yolu da \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki etnik-dini ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k meselesi 19 Temmuz 1990\u2019da yap\u0131lan 15. B\u00f6lgesel Parti Merkez Komitesi toplant\u0131s\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 konu\u015fmalarda hem Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Tomur Dawamat, hem de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan B\u00f6lgesel Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Sekreter Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Janabil delegelerden \u201cayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmada net bir tav\u0131r almalar\u0131\u201d ricas\u0131nda bulundular.[54] Dini sloganlar\u0131n \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 faaliyetler i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne at\u0131fta bulunan Dawamat, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ve aile planlamas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130slamc\u0131 muhalefeti k\u0131nad\u0131.<\/p>\n Janabil ise daha a\u00e7\u0131k davranarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 kampanyan\u0131n \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131\u201d bir noktaya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Janabil, konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek ya da i\u015f yapmak bahanesiyle \u00c7in\u2019i ziyaret eden baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin bu gezilerini Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ajanlar g\u00f6ndermek ve yerel halk\u0131 Hanlara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmak i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaydetti. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 yerel ilim adamlar\u0131, e\u011fitimciler, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar ve edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar derslerini, makalelerini, tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131, sanat ve edebi eserlerini \u201ctarihi \u00e7arp\u0131tmak\u201d ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda propaganda yapmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131.[55] Janabil \u00f6zellikle Pan-\u0130slamist ve Pan-T\u00fcrkist unsurlar\u0131n gen\u00e7 nesiller \u00fczerinde artan etkisi hakk\u0131nda duydu\u011fu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 dile getirdi.<\/p>\n Janabil ayr\u0131ca, Nisan ayaklanmas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u201cHanlar\u0131 Kovun\u201d, \u201cKafirleri Yok Edin\u201d, \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u201d gibi sloganlar\u0131 k\u0131nad\u0131. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki 1989 May\u0131s ve 1990 Nisan rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri \u0130slam bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, cihat (kutsal sava\u015f) \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Hanlar\u0131 kovma talepleri ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n 1992 \u015eubat\u0131\u2019nda Urum\u00e7i\u2019de, 5-8 Mart 1992\u2019de Yining, Hotan, Ka\u015fgar, Ku\u00e7a, Korla ve Bortala\u2019da bombalama olaylar\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131n yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6nemli maddi hasara sebep olundu\u011fu kaydedildi. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan B\u00f6lgesel H\u00fck\u00fbmeti\u2019nin Uygur Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Tomur Dawamat, Mart 1992\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 sabotaj ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla su\u00e7lad\u0131. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar ve di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde de bombalama eylemlerine \u015fahit olunmas\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u00c7in otoritesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130slamc\u0131 militanlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc hareketinin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da bir\u00e7ok bombalama hadisesi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131larla \u00c7inli g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti. \u00c7inli otoriteler sert bir \u015fekilde cevap vererek yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 Uygur\u2019u tutuklad\u0131lar, silah ve cephaneler ele ge\u00e7irdiler. 1949\u2019dan bu yana Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da cereyan eden en b\u00fcy\u00fck karga\u015fa 5-6 \u015eubat 1997 tarihinde Kazakistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Yining kasabas\u0131nda meydana geldi. Ramazan Bayram\u0131\u2019na denk gelen bu tarihte 1000\u2019den fazla gen\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k isteyerek, \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve \u0130slamc\u0131 sloganlar atarak sokaklarda y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler, ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131klarda ve kundaklamalarda bulundular, Hanlar\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fcler\/\u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Hepsi Han olmak \u00fczere y\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00fczerinde insan yaraland\u0131 ve 10 Han \u00f6lesiye d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc.[56] Takip eden g\u00fcnlerde, \u00f6zellikle Deng Xioping\u2019in cenaze t\u00f6reninin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 25 \u015eubat 1997 tarihinde, Urum\u00e7i\u2019de pek \u00e7ok bomba patlad\u0131, dokuz ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc, 70 ki\u015fi yaraland\u0131. Bunu Pekin\u2019de 7 Mart 1997\u2019deki 30 ki\u015fiyi yaralayan bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 izledi. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki Uygurlar bunu \u00fcstlendiler.[57] \u00c7inli otoriteler derhal harekete ge\u00e7tiler ve binlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygur eylemciyi tutuklad\u0131lar. Ter\u00f6rist faaliyetlerden su\u00e7lu bulunanlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u00f6zde mahkemeler d\u00fczenlendi. \u00c7in Parlamentosu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey siyasi lider olan Qio Shi, 1997 Nisan ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye \u00f6nceden planlanmam\u0131\u015f ani bir ziyaret yapt\u0131. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen durum hakk\u0131ndaki endi\u015felerini dile getirerek, \u00c7in\u2019in \u201cmilliyet\u00e7i ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dinci g\u00fc\u00e7lere\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 kararl\u0131 tutumunu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[58] \u00c7in resmi kaynaklar\u0131, 1997 May\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygur ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 grup \u00fcyelerinden 8\u2019inin ter\u00f6rist faaliyetlere, bombalama eylemlerine ve di\u011fer su\u00e7 i\u00e7eren eylemlere kat\u0131lmaktan idam edildi\u011fini kaydediyordu.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etnik-dini ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu kabaran dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n Afganistan\u2019da Sovyet g\u00fc\u00e7lerine kar\u015f\u0131 cihatlar\u0131nda Afgan m\u00fccahitlerle ayn\u0131 safta bulunan Uygur sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rolle de ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir Pakistanl\u0131 yorumcuya g\u00f6re, pek \u00e7ok Uygur M\u00fcsl\u00fcman 1980\u2019lerdeki Afgan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Afgan ve Pakistanl\u0131 k\u00f6kten dincilerce e\u011fitildiler.[59] Pakistan\u2019daki medreselerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren Uygur gen\u00e7lerinden biri, memleketi Hotan\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde oray\u0131 kom\u00fcnizmden temizleyece\u011fine yemin etti. Ayn\u0131 gen\u00e7, \u201cBiz, Uygurlar i\u00e7in yeni bir \u0130slam devleti kurmak ve \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lmak istiyoruz\u201d diyerek amac\u0131n\u0131 deklare ediyordu.[60] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019dan y\u00fczlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygur\u2019un \u0130slamabad\u2019daki \u0130slam \u00dcniversitesi, Lahor\u2019daki Uluslararas\u0131 Seyid Mevdudi Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, di\u011fer medreseler ve e\u011fitim merkezlerinde Cemaat-i \u0130slami ve Tebli\u011f Cemaati\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle cihat (gayri- \u0130slami sistemlere kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal sava\u015f) konusunda e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri kaydediliyor.[61] \u00c7in, Pakistan\u2019daki \u0130slami partilerin \u0130slamc\u0131 militanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a s\u0131zmas\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 protesto ederek meseleyi Pakistan\u2019la ele ald\u0131. Pakistan\u2019\u0131n bu konudaki kararl\u0131 tavr\u0131 derhal meyvesini verdi. Pakistanl\u0131 yetkililer Gilgit \u00fczerinden s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken yakaland\u0131ktan sonra Pakistan\u2019dan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma talep eden 12 \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 tutuklad\u0131. Daha sonra da bu Uygurlar \u00c7inli yetkililere teslim edildiler.[62] Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren Pakistanl\u0131 \u0130slami grubun bir lideri 1999 ortalar\u0131nda idam edildi,[63] ancak ayn\u0131 grup daha sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki \u0130slami militanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Pakistan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kurdu.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n Eski SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile ayn\u0131 tarihi, dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve hepsinden \u00f6te \u0130pek Yolu ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Orta Asya devletlerinin kurulmas\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 (Uygurlar, Kazaklar, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar vesaire.) aras\u0131nda \u0130slami ve Pan-T\u00fcrkist kimlikleri konusunda yeni bir uyan\u0131\u015fa sebep oldu. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n, trans-Asya ticareti ve trafi\u011finin kav\u015fak noktas\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131ndan ve muazzam ekonomik kaynaklara sahip olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan stratejik konumunun bilincinde olarak, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi durumlar\u0131 konusunda \u0131srar ediyorlar. Dine y\u00f6nelik liberalle\u015fen \u00c7in siyaseti, ekonomik kalk\u0131nma ve modernizasyon i\u00e7in yeni inisiyatifler, Pakistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve Orta Asya devletleriyle daha iyi ileti\u015fim ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar; ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer kom\u015fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerle geli\u015fen s\u0131n\u0131r ticareti Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n etnik-dini zeminde daha da mobilize olmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve iddialar\u0131n\u0131 seslendirmeleri neticesini vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bu makalenin yazar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00f6zellikle Ka\u015fgar, Yarkent, Hotan, Ba\u00e7u, Ku\u00e7a, Turfan ve hatta Urum\u00e7i ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Uygurlar, \u00c7in\u2019in \u0130slam\u2019a y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fen siyaseti konusunda en b\u00fcy\u00fck krediyi Ziya-\u00fcl Hak\u2019a vermekteydiler. Yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n bu alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ise \u015fu ger\u00e7e\u011fe dayan\u0131yor: Ziya-\u00fcl Hak 1984 Temmuz\u2019undaki Ka\u015fgar gezisinin zamanlamas\u0131n\u0131 cuma g\u00fcn\u00fcne gelecek \u015fekilde ayarlad\u0131, yerel \u00c7inli yetkilileri Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck Cuma Camii\u2019inin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kilitlerini a\u00e7mak suretiyle namaz k\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamalar\u0131 konusunda ikna etti. Kilitler isteksizce a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve Ziya- \u00fcl Hak yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla birlikte, uzun y\u0131llar boyu kilitli tutulan Ka\u015fgar Camii\u2019nde namaz k\u0131ld\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a h\u00fccum eden Pakistanl\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar, seyyahlar ve \u0130slamc\u0131 eylemciler camilerin in\u015fa edilmesine parasal destek sa\u011flayarak ve \u0130slami yay\u0131nlar da\u011f\u0131tarak katk\u0131da bulunuyorlar. Asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu makalenin yazar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Ka\u015fgar, Yarkent, Hotan, Turfan vesaire gibi yerlerde Pakistan etkisinin boyutu ile \u0130slami yeniden canlanma aras\u0131nda bir dereceye kadar bir \u00e7e\u015fit korelasyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit oldu. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Pakistanl\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130slamabad\u2019dan Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye u\u00e7an ya da Karakurum kara yolu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Gilgit\u2019ten gelen i\u015fadamlar\u0131, t\u00fcccarlar ve ziyaret\u00e7ilerle olduk\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr durumda. Pakistan\u2019\u0131n Cemaat-i \u0130slami, Tebli\u011f Cemaati ve di\u011fer fundamentalist gruplar\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a kolayca girebilmekte ve \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar \u00fczerinde etkide bulunabilmekteler.<\/p>\n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Orta Asya devletlerinde, \u00f6zellikle de Tacikistan ve \u00d6zbekistan\u2019\u0131n Fergana vadisinde etnik-dini yeniden dirili\u015f ve Uygurlar\u0131n bu devletlerde hareketlenmesi, \u00c7in\u2019de huzursuzlu\u011fa sebep oldu. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da \u0130slami fundamentalizmin ve Pan-T\u00fcrkist bilin\u00e7lenmenin artmas\u0131 korkusu, 1980\u2019lerden bu yana bu b\u00f6lgede tekrar eden Han \u00c7inlileri ile yerel Uygur, Kazak, K\u0131rg\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla birle\u015fti. Uygurlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Han yerle\u015fimciler tehdit edilmektedirler. Dola\u015f\u0131m, istihdam ve saire konular\u0131nda yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara imtiyazl\u0131 muamelede bulunmak \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenebilecek yeni \u00c7in politikas\u0131 da yerle\u015fimci Hanlar i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n Kendilerini \u00fcstesinden gelmekte zorland\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumda bulan Hanlar b\u00f6lgeyi terk ederek geldikleri as\u0131l yurtlar\u0131na d\u00f6nmeye ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye can atmaktalar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00c7inlilerin \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 politikas\u0131\u201d ve BDT \u00fclkeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131r ticaretini te\u015fvik etmesi sayesinde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki Hanlar ise durumlar\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lge gelirinin \u00e7o\u011fu Han t\u00fcccar ve i\u015fadamlar\u0131na gider olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n B\u00f6lgede genel bir bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar ortam\u0131 hakim olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00c7inliler, \u0130slamc\u0131 fundamentalizmden, Pan-T\u00fcrkist yeniden canlanmadan, s\u0131n\u0131rdan uyu\u015fturucu, silah ve \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fini tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale getiren \u201cDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130\u00e7in Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d hareketini yeniden diriltecek harici hareketler gibi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n s\u0131zmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe duymaktad\u0131rlar. T\u00fcrkiye, Afgan m\u00fccahitleri, Pakistan\u2019dan Cemaat-i \u0130slami ve Pan-T\u00fcrkist ve Pan-\u0130slamist propaganda yapan eylemcilerin geldi\u011fi Orta Asya devletlerindeki di\u011fer Uygur gruplar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da silah ve cephane kullanmas\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f destekli y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hareketler, Han \u00c7inlilerine kar\u015f\u0131 yerel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kinine harici bir boyut da katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pakistanl\u0131 \u0130slami partilerin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki faaliyetlerinden \u00f6fkelenen \u00c7in\u2019in, Pakistan\u2019a kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 iletti\u011fini ve bu faaliyetleri i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahale olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Pakistan bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n kendisi a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[64]\n Pek \u00e7ok Uygur, Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in i\u00e7 politikas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkisini, Bat\u0131, T\u00fcrk ve \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerine olan deste\u011fini, Halk Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u2019nda (PLA) artan disiplinsizli\u011fini, yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan halklar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle de \u00c7in\u2019in gen\u00e7 nesillerinin Kom\u00fcnist sisteme kar\u015f\u0131 duyars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Han yerle\u015fimcilerin do\u011fduklar\u0131 as\u0131l memleketlerine geri d\u00f6nme arzusunu ve saire Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131m edecek anahtar unsurlar olarak saymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7in de, Orta Asya\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fen jeo-politik durumun neticesi olarak toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik yeni tehditlerin son derece bilincindedir. \u00c7in, bu y\u00fczden, siyasi istikrar\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da son derece ince elenip s\u0131k dokunmu\u015f bir politikalar paketi takip etmektedir. Bu politikalar\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck petrol rezervlerini (18 milyar ton) ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma i\u00e7in potansiyelini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n yo\u011fun \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi politikas\u0131. Petrol\u00fcn ortak aranmas\u0131, etilen ve di\u011fer petro-kimya projelerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere, Japonya, ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle anla\u015fmalar sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinden fonlar cezbedilmekte ve bu ama\u00e7la h\u00fck\u00fbmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman uzmanlar yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerle ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirmeye te\u015fvik edilmektedir. \n Al\u0131nt\u0131 Kayna\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> T\u00fcrkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt: 18 Sayfa: 729-737
\nEtnik-Dini Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Y\u00fckselmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan ile biti\u015fi\u011findeki Orta Asya devletleri ve BDT \u00fclkeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131r ticaretini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, i\u015f ve ticaretin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00c7inlilerin elinde kalacak \u015fekilde, \u00f6zel ekonomik b\u00f6lgeler yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda, Hanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik bir ekonomik te\u015fvik de sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla da kal\u0131nmay\u0131p, Orta Asya ekonomileri, politikalar\u0131 ve toplumlar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz ederek bunlar\u0131 etki alt\u0131na almak \u00fczere Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan bir s\u0131\u00e7rama tahtas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f ticaretini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cA\u00e7\u0131k Kap\u0131 Politikas\u0131\u201d Orta Asya Devletleri\u2019ndeki belirgin \u00c7in n\u00fcfuzunu \u015fekillendirebilmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnleri Orta Asya\u2019ya adeta akmaktad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin \u00c7inli Han\u2019\u0131n ticaret ve i\u015f amac\u0131yla Orta Asya devletlerinden Kazakistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri kaydedilmektedir. Bu Hanlar\u2019\u0131n yerel k\u0131zlarla evlendikleri, mal m\u00fclkler, d\u00fckkanlar ve i\u015f edindikleri ve yerel n\u00fcfusla kayna\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bu durum, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yeni kavu\u015fmu\u015f olan Orta Asya Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki \u201cRusya kolonyalizmi\u201dnin bir tekrar\u0131 ya da Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki mevcut \u00c7in \u201ckolonyalizmi\u201dnin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve bu devletleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00c7inli ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda korkutmaktad\u0131r.
\n\u00c7in, silah sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 te\u015fvikleri kullanarak \u0130ran, Pakistan ve Orta Do\u011fu \u00fclkeleri gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkeleri etkilemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, bu yolla bu \u00fclkelerden hem dolar kazanmakta hem de bu \u00fclkelerin \u00c7in\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik siyasi deste\u011fini garantiye almaktad\u0131r. Son bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131lda, \u0130ran ve Orta Asya Devletlerinden bir\u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman lider ve \u00fcst d\u00fczey heyetler Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 ziyaret etti. \u0130ran Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Rafsancani\u2019nin Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Orta Asya \u00fczerinden Pekin ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir trans-Asya demir yolu kurulmas\u0131na karar verildi. \u00c7in, bu politikalar\u0131yla Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ele\u015ftirilerinden sadece korumakla kalm\u0131yor, bu b\u00f6lgede sahip oldu\u011fu pozisyonu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ve bunu da \u0130ran, Pakistan ve biti\u015fi\u011findeki Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelere onaylatmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yor. Buna ilaveten, \u00c7in ve Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri, s\u0131n\u0131r a\u015fan ter\u00f6rizm, \u0130slamc\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, etnik-dini ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, uyu\u015fturucu ve silah ticaretine kar\u015f\u0131 ortak bir tav\u0131r almaktad\u0131rlar.
\n\u00c7in, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek ve daha fazla Han\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmesini te\u015fvik ederek b\u00f6lgenin siyasi istikrar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tehditleri bertaraf etmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r. Orta \u00c7in\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir baraj y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yerlerinden olacak be\u015f y\u00fcz bin Han\u2019\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019a (Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi) yerle\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00c7in planlar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bu b\u00f6lgede artan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 daimi bir \u00fcs edinme anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.[65] \u00d6te yandan, bu rakam, daha iyi bir gelecek i\u00e7in her y\u0131l Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden ortalama iki y\u00fcz elli, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin Han\u2019a sadece ilave bir rakamd\u0131r.[66]\n
\nDipnotlar :<\/strong>
\n[1] Yuan Aing Li, \u201cPopulation Change in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region (1949-1989) \u201d, Central Asian Survey, Vol, 9, No. 1, 1990, s. 49.
\n[2] K. Warikoo, \u201cChina and Central Asia: A Review of Ching Policy in Xinjiang, 1755-1884\u201d, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 1990, s. 309.
\n[3] A.g.e.
\n[4] K. Warikoo, China and Central Asia, a.g.e.
\n[5] A.g.e.
\n[6] A.g.e.
\n[7] Owen Lattimore, \u201cChinese Turkestan\u201d, In his Studies in Frontier History, Collected Papers, 1928-58. London 1962, s. 184.
\n[8] K. Warikoo, \u201cChinese Turkestan during the Nineteenth Century: A Socio-economic study\u201d, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1985, s. 74-75.
\n[9] K. Warikoo, \u201cMuslim Migrations from Xinjiang to Kashmir\u201d, Strategic Analysis. Vol. 14, No. 1, April 1991, s. 18.
\n[10] A.g.e., s. 29.
\n[11] Lillian Craig Harris, \u201cXinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China\u2019s Policy in the Islamic World\u201d, China Quarterly, March,1993, s. 115.
\n[12] A.g.e., s. 116.
\n[13] Yuan Qing Li, op cit. s. 59.
\n[14] Xinjiang Government, Xinjiang: A General Survey, Beijing 1989, s. 28-43.
\n[15] A.g.e.
\n[16] Dru Gladney, \u201cThe Muslim Face of China\u201d Current History, September 1993, s. 280.
\n[17] \u201cThe Other China\u201d, Newsweek 23 April 1990. Muhabir Uygur \u00e7o\u011funluklu b\u00f6lgelere gitmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Han as\u0131ll\u0131 arabac\u0131lar bulmu\u015ftur.
\n[18] Washington Post, 12 September, 1981.
\n[19] Donald H. Mc. Millian, \u201cXinjiang and Wang Enmao\u201d, China Quarterly, September 1984, s. 575-76, 581.
\n[20] Los Angeles Times, 4 November 1981.
\n[21] A.g.e.
\n[22] Washigton Post, 12 September 1981.
\n[23] A.g.e.
\n[24] A.g.e.
\n[25] Yan Dig, \u201cNuclear Pollution and Violation of Human Rights in Xinjiang\u201d, Minzhu Zhongguo, Paris (In Chinese). February 1992, s. 19-21.
\n[26] Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 August, 1988.
\n[27] A.g.e.
\n[28] JPRS-CZR-91-009, February 25, 1991.
\n[29] A.g.e.
\n[30] A.g.e.
\n[31] A.g.e.
\n[32] A.g.e.
\n[33] Eastern Turkestan Information, Munich, January 1992, s. 5.
\n[34] A.g.e., October 1992. s. 1.
\n[35] A.g.e.
\n[36] A.g.e.
\n[37] Xinjiang Ribao, Urumchi, 27 September 1996.
\n[38] \u201cThe Other China\u201d, Newsweek, 23 April 1990.
\n[39] A.g.e.
\n[40] JPRS-CAR-90-035, 7 May 1990.
\n[41] A.g.e.
\n[42] A.g.e.
\n[43] A.g.e.
\n[44] A.g.e.
\n[45] Xinjiang Ribao, 18 March 1990.
\n[46] Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 April 1990.
\n[47] A.g.e.
\n[48] A.g.e.
\n[49] FBIS-CHI-90-070, 11 April 1990.
\n[50] Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 May 1990.
\n[51] A.g.e.
\n[52] FBIS-CHI-90-070, 11 April 1990.
\n[53] A.g.e.
\n[54] Xinjiang Ribao, 20 July 1990.
\n[55] Xinjiang Ribao, 2 August 1990, See also JPRS-CAR, 90-073, 28 September 1990.
\n[56] Ming Pao, Hong Kong 10 February 1997.
\n[57] International Herald Tribune 10 March 1997, s. 4.
\n[58] Hindu\u2019da al\u0131nt\u0131lan\u0131yor, 15 April 1997.
\n[59] Ahmed Rahid, The Chinese Connection, The Herald Karachi, December 1995.
\n[60] A.g.e.
\n[61] Hindustan Times 13 August 1997.
\n[62] Pioneer 6 May 1997.
\n[63] China Daily 28 June 1999.
\n[64] Dawn, Karachi cited in Times of India, New Delhi, 7 March 1992.
\n[65] Hindustan Times, 7 December 1992.
\n[66] Linda Benson, Justin Rudelson and Stenely W. Toops, \u201cXinjiang in the Twentieth Century\u201d Woodrow Wilson Centre Occasional Paper, 65, p. 17.<\/p>\n